Aim and Background: The main purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of applied BEHAVIORAL analysis (ABA) approach on symptoms of autistic children during a five-year period.Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 autistic children (3-7 years of age) were intervened by ABA approach at Isfahan Center of Autism for a period of five years (2007-12). Gilliam Autism Rating SCALE (GARS) was filled out at baseline and at the end of the five-year period. Besides, the subjects were assessed by a checklist including cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help at the beginning of the study and at the end of each year. After five years, all collected data was analyzed with SPSS19.Findings: Pretest and the posttest values of stereotypic behaviors, communication problems, social interactions, and GARS total scores were significantly different (P<0.001). Furthermore, significant improvements in cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help were observed after each year and at the end of the five-year period (P<0.001).Conclusions: On the whole, it can be concluded that ABA-based interventions can effectively reduce symptoms of autism and increase skills.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Lecavalier BEHAVIORAL Inflexibility SCALE in autistic children. Research method was descriptive survey of instrument standardization type. The statistical population consisted of 1400 autistic children aged 3 to 12 years in Isfahan, from among whom 450 children were randomly selected and 430 of them were included in statistical analysis according to inclusion and exit criteria of the study. In exploratory factor analysis, 230 individuals and confirmatory factor analysis 200 autistic children aged 3 to 12 years were included separately. Research instruments were GARS Autism Symptoms Diagnostic SCALE and Lecavalier BEHAVIORAL inflexibility SCALE. Data were analyzed with SPSS26 and AMOS24 software using correlation coefficient, heuristic and confirmatory factor analysis. Results of exploratory factor analysis showed six factors respond to changes, which were routines and rituals, tendency to be restrictive, response to novelty, response to uncertainty, oversensitivity to ambient events with specific values ​​higher than one that 55.986% of  total variance of structure explain BEHAVIORAL inflexibility. Results of first-order confirmatory factor analysis showed all indices were PCFI = 0.851, PNFI = 0.809, CMIN / DF = 1.876, RMSEA = 0.051, IFI = 0.954, CFI = 0.954, GFI =0.920 confirmed proper fit of final model so factors obtained from the SCALE were appropriate. Internal stability of components of BEHAVIORAL Inflexibility SCALE was higher than 0.7, indicating acceptable consistency of components of structure. Convergent validity of proposed model SCALEs (CR >0.60), divergent validity (AVE> ASV and MSV) were appropriate. Persian version of Lecavalier BEHAVIORAL Inflexibility SCALE had acceptable validity and reliability and measures 6 factors.

Introduction: Measurement of child anxiety during dental treatment is a challenge during the procedure. Several questionnaires have been developed to assess child anxiety, some of which are pictorial to facilitate their application in children. The aim of the current study was to evaluate validity of new RMS pictorial questionnaire and to compare it with previous SCALEs, including Venham Picture Test (VPT) and Facial Image SCALE (FIS), to assess child dental anxiety during their first visit in a dental office.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 10 children in Shiraz in 2016, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The children's anxiety was evaluated by RMS-PS, VPT and FIS questionnaires. To assess reliability, questionnaires were given to the children at a two-week interval. Data were analyzed with t-test and regression correlation test (a=0.05).Results: Age and gender had no effect on children's anxiety, but in the presence of preoperative pain, anxiety was significantly higher. RMS had a moderate (r=0.622) and significant (p value<0.001) correlation with VPT questionnaire and a good (r= 0.700) and significant (p value<0.001) correlation with the FIS questionnaire. In addition, the relationship between FIS and VPT questionnaires was moderate (r= 0.623) and significant (p value<0.001).Conclusion: The results showed that RMS questionnaire is not reliable. However, it was valid compared to FIS and VPT questionnaires. Therefore, RMS can be used to indicate child dental anxiety as a proper tool.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo SCALE (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo SCALE factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo SCALE, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo SCALE with Attention Deficit SubSCALE of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this SCALE has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the SCALE is three factors and also the validity of the SCALE using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo SCALE (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

Background: Despite the efforts undertaken to measure the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, The main difficulties of this theory is not good psychometric SCALE. This study was performed to evaluate the psychometric properties of BEHAVIORAL activation and BEHAVIORAL inhibition systems’ SCALE in nonclinical groups.Methods: The study population includes Urmia and Kharazmi universities, among which 368 and 472 participants were selected randomly. For determining the psychometric properties of BEHAVIORAL activation and BEHAVIORAL inhibition systems’ SCALE, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used. Then reliability of this SCALE were measured through the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, retest, and splitting, as well as criterion validity was examined with positive and negative affect SCALE sensitivity to punishment and reward SCALE.Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors. Also fit indictors in confirmatory factor analysis supported four-factor model. Alpha coefficients, retest and splitting showed satisfactory internal consistency, and patterns of correlation coefficients between subSCALEs of Persian version of BEHAVIORAL activation and BEHAVIORAL inhibition systems with positive and negative affect SCALE and sensitivity to punishment and reward SCALE showed good criterion validity for this SCALE.Conclusion: The findings of the present study was similar to original culture, therefore the Persian version of BEHAVIORAL activation and BEHAVIORAL inhibition systems’ SCALE is a good tool for assessment characteristics consistent with BAS and BIS system and their subSCALEs.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics SCALE using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics SCALE (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total SCALE was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this SCALE. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

Background: The identification of the causes of risky behaviors is necessary to prevent the occurrence of injuries and reduce its costs. The present study aimed to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Falls BEHAVIORAL (FaB) SCALE in Iranian seniors. Methods: This methodological study was conducted on 300 seniors aged 60 years and older referring to retirement centers. After permission, the recommended forward-backward procedure was adopted to translate the original English version of the questionnaire. Thereafter, the content, face validity, and construct validity of the SCALE were determined and taken into consideration. In addition, the known-groups comparison (seniors with and without a history of falls), as well as convergent and divergent validity, was used to evaluate construct validity. Finally, internal consistency and the test-retest analysis were performed to assess the reliability of the FaB SCALE. Results: The results of the known-groups comparison demonstrated that the mean score of the FaB SCALE was higher in the seniors with a history of falls as compared to that in their counterparts without such an experience. The obtained scores on FaB SCALE, Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) SCALE (r =-0. 214, P < 0. 01), and Falls Efficacy SCALE-International (FES-I) (r = 0. 256, P < 0. 01) represented a significant correlation, confirming the construct validity of the SCALE. The Cronbach’, s alpha of the total SCALE and test-retest reliability within one week were obtained as 0. 71 and 0. 91, respectively. Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, the Persian version of the FaB SCALE is a valid and reliable instrument,therefore, it can be used to assess the BEHAVIORAL fall risk factors, as well as fall prevention interventions in older people. It is suggested that in future studies, researchers focus on the assessment of more psychometric properties of this SCALE, especially sensitivity and specificity.